نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• علی احمد ناصح ¹
• خدیجه امیری ²

¹ استاد گروه علوم و قرآن و حدیث دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران

² دانشجوی دکتری تفسیر تطبیقی دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران

چکیده

مفسّران در برداشت حقیقی از گزاره «وَ عَلَّمَکَ ما لَمْ تَکُنْ تَعْلَمُ‏» در آیۀ 113 سوره نساء اختلاف نظر دارند. توجه به علم پیامبر (ص) به مثابه موضوعی مهم، قدمتی همزاد با نزول وحی دارد و همواره مورد توجه اندیشمندان قرآنی بوده است. رابطه"علم" پیامبر (ص) با مسأله وحی و اجتهاد آن حضرت محورهای قابل توجه در دیدگاه مفسران مسلمان در طول تاریخ به شمار آمده است. جستار پیش رو با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی در پی واکاوی مراد خداوند از" علم " در گزاره مورد نظر است. با بررسی تفاسیر فریقین با گرایش­ها و روش­های گوناگون درباره مقصود خداوند از "علم" با دیدگاه­های متعددی مواجه می‏شویم که ‏می‏توان آنها را تحت 7 عنوان دسته­بندی کرد که عبارت است از: علم اولین و آخرین، علم به امور پنهان، احکام الهی، قوانین شرع و مکنونات ضمائر، تعلیم ویژه، دریافت صحیح تطبیق قواعد کلی بر موارد جزئی، عدم اطلاع از نزول وحی، علم لدنی.  با توجه به سیاق آیه 113 سورۀ نساء دستاورد پژوهش بیانگر آن است خداوند به پیامبر(ص) قدرت استنباط قضایای کلی و تطبیق آن بر جزیئات امور از جمله قضاوت برای حل و فصل مسائل میان امت و بیان احکام کلی شریعت که نوعی تعلیم ویژه به آن جناب از راه وحی بود عنایت نموده است و این غیر از کتاب قرآن و حکمت است که در آیه به آن اشاره شده است. یکی از مصادیق بارز این علم، بینش ویژۀ پیامبر(ص) و عصمت آن حضرت می‏باشد که رابطه­ای تنگاتنگی میان این دو برقرار است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• علم
• پیامبر(ص)
• سوره نساء
• گستره
• عصمت

موضوعات

• قرآن و معارف قرآنی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Examining the Opinions of Commentators about the Knowledge of the Prophet (PBUH) based on Verse 113 of Surah Nisa

نویسندگان [English]

• aliahmad naseh ¹
• khadijeh Amiri ²

¹ Professor, Department of Sciences, Quran and Hadith, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

² PhD student of comparative interpretation, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

چکیده [English]

Abstract
Commentators in the true understanding of the statement» and He has taught you what you did not know« in verse 113 of Surah Nisa have different opinions. Paying attention to the knowledge of the Prophet (PBUH) as an important issue has the same age as revelation, and it has always been of interest. The upcoming essay is based on the descriptive-analytical method in order to analyze the various aspects of the knowledge of the Prophet (PBUH) in the desired verse.
By examining the interpretations of the parties with different tendencies and methods about God's intention of "science", we come across several viewpoints that can be categorized under 7 headings, which are: the first and last science, hidden affairs, divine decrees, laws of Sharia and pronouns, special education, correctly understanding the application of general rules to particular cases, lack of knowledge of revelation and knowledge.
In expressing opinions, we can refer to opinions that are controversial and require more discussion. Among them, most of them have mentioned the issue of infallibility under the verse, and some have inferred the infallibility of the Prophet (PBUH). Or a group has implicitly mentioned the special insight and Ijtihad of the Messenger of God (PBUH) in explaining the problems of the Ummah. Others consider this teaching to be broad and not only for the Prophet (PBUH), but for everyone who is born and gets life and enjoys this gift.
Another group of revealed teachings and related topics have expressed God's intention for this science. In the mystics' thought, "science" refers to the inherent knowledge of the burden of transcendence, and that is when the seeker becomes mortal in the presence of truth.
There have been many discussions about the nature of the knowledge of the Prophet (PBUH). As evidenced by many verses, the prophets were equipped with knowledge from God “So they found one of Our servants, on whom We had bestowed Mercy from Ourselves and whom We had taught knowledge from Our own Presence."
The verse states that Hazrat Khidr (peace be upon him) was blessed with knowledge from God. Sometimes, by God's permission, they are informed about the unseen. "Knower of the Unseen, He does not disclose His [knowledge of the] Unseen to anyone, except to an apostle He approves of"
In this verse, God excludes the knowledge of the unseen from the scope of human knowledge, but he excludes some of the Prophet's knowledge of the unseen. Sometimes, he denies knowledge in general.
Sometimes he completely rejects knowledge from everyone: "He says, No one in the heavens and the earth knows the unseen except by Allah.'' Naml: 65, in other verses of the Qur'an, the knowledge of the Messenger of God is explicitly rejected from the knowledge of the unseen. "Say, I will not tell you, I have the treasures of God, and I will not know the unseen." Inam: 50.
And also the belief that the Prophet (PBUH) did not speak except by revelation, and that all the oral and current traditions of that nobleman originated from revelation.
On the other hand, knowing that one of the important duties of the goat is evidenced by the verse "And we sent down to you a reminder to explain to people what we sent down to them, and perhaps they will think" Nahl: 44. Explaining the affairs of the Holy Sharia is sacred.
We will reach this conclusion from the summary of these verses and comments that have been discussed under the discussed verse. The most important issues that the Prophet (PBUH) was responsible for among the Ummah was judging among the Ummah as well as explaining the general knowledge and truths received from God, and this required a complete understanding and accurate insight into the atmosphere of the society of that day, and this is the same insight. It is special and scientific which cannot be obtained by normal means and all this could not have happened except through revelation. Therefore, it must be acknowledged that the prophets, in whatever way they used to know things, were all derived from divine knowledge.
According to the context of verse 113 of Surah Nisa, the result of the research shows that God has given the Prophet (PBUH) the power to deduce general cases and apply them to the details of affairs, including judging to resolve issues between the Ummah and stating the general rules of the Sharia, which is special teaching for that noble. It has been provided by way of revelation, and this is different from the book of Quran and wisdom, which is mentioned in the verse, and the reason for this is the distance between the three titles, i.e. (the book, wisdom, and knowledge) with the inflection "wow". One of the clear examples of this science is the special insight (ijtihad) of the Prophet (PBUH) and his infallibility, which is a close relationship between the two

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Science
• Prophet (PBUH)
• Surah Nisa
• Verse 113
• Examples
• Scope