Journal of Quranic Knowledge

Journal of Quranic Knowledge

Review and Explanation of the Causal Model of the Tradition of Victory and Defeat in the Theology of Resistance, with Emphasis on the Interpretive Perspective of Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Paper

Author
mohammad baqer pouramini
Department of Islamic Theology and New Theology, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
10.22054/rjqk.2026.94245.3376
Abstract
"Theology of Resistance" represents an emerging field within contemporary religious studies, aiming to elucidate the role of faith in confronting domination and oppression. This study addresses the central question: if the world is created according to truth and divine tradition is founded upon supporting the truth, why does the camp of truth sometimes experience defeat, and what factors hinder the realization of this tradition? Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology and centering on the interpretive perspective of Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei, the research analyzes Qur’anic narratives of victory and defeat. The findings identify three principal traditions as the framework governing historical laws: "The tradition of victory, conditional upon factors such as trust in the divine promise, effort, steadfastness, ideological superiority, and divine companionship; the tradition of defeat, resulting from internal factors including worldly attachment, division, disobedience, distrust, pride from reliance on material means, neglect of divine providence, fear, and failure to recognize prevailing circumstances; and the tradition of the circulation of power, which serves as a divine mechanism for managing history and pursues objectives such as purification through trial, distinguishing true believers, and martyrdom." The primary innovation of this study is the introduction of a five-stage causal model for analyzing resistance front events, formulating the relationship between internal variables of the camp of truth and these three traditions. The study concludes that divine traditions are immutable laws, and their proper understanding enables the maintenance of hope in divine assistance and the development of theoretical frameworks within the theology of resistance
Keywords
Theology of Resistance
Tradition of Victory
Tradition of Defeat
Tradition of the Circulation of Power
Causal Model
Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei
Subjects
The Holy Qur’an.
Dyalameh, N. (2016 AD/1395 SH). "Divine Traditions and the Analysis of Victory and Defeat in the Qur’an." Qur’anic Knowledge Research Paper. 7(26), 215-240.
Hemmati, V. (2014 AD/1393 SH). "Liberation Theology and the Theology of Resistance." Qabasat Quarterly. 19(76), 125-146.
Ibn Manẓūr, M. (1993 AD/1414 AH). Lisan al-ʿArab. Beirut: Dar Sadir.
Javadi Amoli, A. (2020 AD/1399 SH). Tafsir Tasnim: Exegesis of the Holy Qur’an. Qom: Isra.
Khamenei, S. A. (1369/03/21). Statements in a Meeting with a Group of Commanders of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.
Khamenei, S. A. (1369/11/04). Statements in a Meeting with a Group of Commanders of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.
Khamenei, S. A. (1369/11/04). Statements in a Meeting with a Group of Commanders of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.
Khamenei, S. A. (1372/03/12). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1372/03/12). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1374/08/10). Statements in a Meeting with IRGC Commanders.
Khamenei, S. A. (1374/08/10). Statements in a Meeting with IRGC Commanders.
Khamenei, S. A. (1376/03/07). Statements in a Meeting with Members of Parliament.
Khamenei, S. A. (1376/03/07). Statements in a Meeting with Members of Parliament.
Khamenei, S. A. (1377/10/04). Statements in Tehran Friday Prayer Sermons.
Khamenei, S. A. (1377/10/04). Statements in Tehran Friday Prayer Sermons.
Khamenei, S. A. (1381/10/25). Statements at the Large Gathering of Pilgrims of the House of God.
Khamenei, S. A. (1381/10/25). Statements at the Large Gathering of Pilgrims of the House of God.
Khamenei, S. A. (1382/03/07). Statements in a Meeting with a Group of Young People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1382/03/07). Statements in a Meeting with a Group of Young People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1382/11/08). Statements in a Meeting with Members of the Prayer Promotion Headquarters.
Khamenei, S. A. (1382/11/08). Statements in a Meeting with Members of the Prayer Promotion Headquarters.
Khamenei, S. A. (1385/07/21). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1385/07/21). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1386/05/28). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1386/05/28). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1390/11/10). Statements in a Meeting with Officials of the Islamic Republic.
Khamenei, S. A. (1390/11/10). Statements in a Meeting with Officials of the Islamic Republic.
Khamenei, S. A. (1394/10/19). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1394/10/19). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1395/02/29). Statements in a Meeting with IRGC Commanders.
Khamenei, S. A. (1395/02/29). Statements in a Meeting with IRGC Commanders.
Khamenei, S. A. (1396/12/24). Statements at the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza.
Khamenei, S. A. (1396/12/24). Statements at the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza.
Khamenei, S. A. (1397/01/25). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1397/01/25). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1397/06/15). Statements in a Meeting with Officials of the Islamic Republic.
Khamenei, S. A. (1397/06/15). Statements in a Meeting with Officials of the Islamic Republic.
Khamenei, S. A. (1398/11/19). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1398/11/19). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1401/01/23). Statements in a Meeting with Officials of the Islamic Republic.
Khamenei, S. A. (1401/01/23). Statements in a Meeting with Officials of the Islamic Republic.
Khamenei, S. A. (1401/04/07). Statements in the Exegesis of Surah Al ʿImran.
Khamenei, S. A. (1401/04/07). Statements in the Exegesis of Surah Al ʿImran.
Khamenei, S. A. (1402/06/29). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (1402/06/29). Statements in a Meeting with Various Groups of the People.
Khamenei, S. A. (2019 AD/1398 SH). Prophethood: Commentary on the First Sermon of Nahj al-Balāghah. Tehran: Islamic Revolution Publications.
Khamenei, S. A. (2020 AD/1399 SH). Exegesis of Surah al-Tawbah. Tehran: Islamic Revolution Publications.
Khamenei, S. A. (2023 AD/1402 SH). Exegesis of Surah al-Munāfiqūn. Tehran: Islamic Revolution Publications.
Khamenei, S. A. (2026 AD/1405 SH). In the Embrace of the Nile. Tehran: Islamic Revolution Publications.
Mesbah Yazdi, M. T. (2012 AD/1391 SH). Society and History from the Perspective of the Qur’an. Qom: Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute.
Pouramini, M. (2025 AD). "An Analysis of the Qur’anic Themes of the Theology of Resistance: A Case Study of the Verses Related to the Battle of Uḥud." Qur’anic Knowledge Research Paper. 16(61), 113-135.
Pouramini, M. B. (2025 AD). "Analysis of the Quranic Themes of the Theology of Resistance: A Case Study of Verses Related to the Battle of Uḥud." A Research Journal on Qur'anic Knowledge. 16(61), 113-135.
Rāghib Iṣfahānī, H. (1991 AD/1412 AH). Mufradāt Alfāẓ al-Qur’an. Beirut: Dar al-Qalam.
Sadr, M. B. (2002 AD/1381 SH). Historical Traditions in the Qur’an. Qom: Islamic Research Center.
Ṭabarī, M. (1991 AD/1412 AH). Jāmiʿ al-Bayān fī Tafsir al-Qur’an. Beirut: Dar al-Maʿrifah.
Ṭabāṭabā’ī, M. H. (1996 AD/1417 AH). al-Mīzān fī Tafsir al-Qur’an. Qom: Islamic Publications Office.
Ṭabrisī, F. (1994 AD/1415 AH). Majmaʿ al-Bayān fī Tafsir al-Qur’an. Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Aʿlami.
Ṭurayḥī, F. (1995 AD/1416 AH). Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn. N.p.: N.n.
Journal of Quranic Knowledge

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 28 September 2026